Biology. Introductory course : study guide for foreign students

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MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF UKRAINE Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy

Preparatory department for foreign students

Biology

Introductory course Study guide for foreign students

Poltava – 2018

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Compiled by: Krivoruchko Tatyana, teacher of Department of Bioorganic and Biological Chemistry.

Ovcharenko Oksana, teacher of Preparatory Department for Foreign Citizens.

Edition 2, revised and enlarged.

Printed by the decision of CMC HSEE "UMSA" (protocol №3, 29.11.2018).

Preface

This manual is intended to students, who are prepared for medical universities. It contains adapted texts, exercises and tasks. The manual presents the basic biological terms, concepts that are necessary for mastering special biological disciplines. It is advisable to work with this manual when students are already familiar with the basics of the grammar of the Russian language and elementary scientific terminology.

Each lesson can be divided into a pretext and text part: the text is preceded by the work on the introduction and assimilation of new words, phrases and actual constructions for the theme.

All scientific texts (especially № 1-7) are maximally adapted in accordance with the curriculum and Russian language course. Some exercises suggest the development of elementary writing skills by students.

The material of the manual is presented in brief form and contains the basics of medical knowledge necessary for further study of biological disciplines by students of medical universities.

Contents

Class 1. Biology and its sections. 4

Class 2. The concept of a cell. 5

Class 3. Laboratory work №1. 8

Class 4. Metabolism in an organism. 8

Class 5. Assimilation types. 10

Class 6. Reproduction of organisms. 12

Class 7. System of the organic world. 14

Class 8. Bacteria, their structure, vital activity, roles in nature and medicine. 17

Class 9. Viruses, their structure and importance. 20

Class 10. Plants. Structure and vital function. Plants importance in nature and human life.

22

Class 11. Animals. General and various structures of plants and animals. The importance of animals in nature and human life. Classification of animals. The concept of parasitology.

24

Class 12. Unicellular organisms. 26

Class 13. Multicellular organisms. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flat worms). 29

Class 14. Phylum Roundworms. Phylum Ringed worms. 31

Class 15. Phylum Arthropoda. 34

Class 16. Control work №1. 36

Repeat.

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Class 1. Biology and its sections.

Task 1.Listen, read and repeat words and phrases.

animal тварина,-ни животное, -ые animal ﺤﻳﻭﺍﻦ

virus вірус, - и вирус, - ы virus ﻔﻳﺮﻮﺱ

mushroom, fungus гриб, -и гриб, -ы champignon ﻔطﺮ

function функція, -ії функция, -ии function ﻮﻈﻴﻔﺔ

botany ботаніка ботаника butanique ﻟﻧﺒﺎﺖ ﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ

anatomy анатомія анатомия anatomie ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻢ

cytology цитологія цитология cytology ﺍﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ

embryology ембріологія эмбриология embryologie ﺍﻻﺠﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ

tissue тканина, -и ткань, -и tissue ﻧﺴﻴﺞ

organism організм, -и организм, -ы organisme ﺠﺴﻢ

ecology екологія экология ekologie ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ

each,every кожний, -а, -е, -і каждый, -ая, -ое, -ые chaque ﮐﻞ

hereditary спадковість наследственность heridite ﻮﺮﺍﺜﻳﺔ ,ﻮﺮﺍﺜﺔ

relation, interrelation взаємовідношення взаимоотношение relation,

changeable ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ,ﺗﺒﺎﺪﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ environment навколишнє

середовище

окружающая среда среда

ср

еда ссреда

d’entaurage ﻤﺤﻳﻂﺔ ﺒﻳﺌﺔ

plant рослина, -и растение, -ия ﺖ ﻧﺑﺎ

bacteria бактерія, -ії бактерия, -ии bakterie ﺑﮑﺘﻴﺮﻴﺎ

structure,texture будова, -и строение, -ия structure ﺘﮑﻮﻴﻥ

progress

development розвиток развитие crissanse ﻧﻤﻮ ،ﺮﻮﻄﺘ

zoology зоологія зоология zoologie ﺍﻠﺤﻴﻮﺍﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ

physiology фізіологія физиология phisiologie ﺀﺍﻷﻋﺿﺎ ﻮﻇﺎﺌﻑ ﻋﻠﻢ

histology гістологія гистология histologie ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ

genetics генетика генетика genetique ﺍﻠﻮﺮﺍﺛﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ

variability, variation мінливість изменчивость variable ﺘﺒﺪﻳﻟﻳﺔ

organ орган, -и орган, -ы organe ﻋﺿﻮ

origin походження происхождение riferance,f’rigme ﺃﺼﻝ ، ﻤﻧﺸﺄ ،ﺮﺪﺼﻤ

microbilogy мікробіологія микробиология microbiologie ﺍﻷﺤﻳﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻢ

Pay attention!

Form:[noun] [verb -s]

Biology studies the forms of living organisms.

Form: What is [noun]

What is biology?

Consist, comprise and compose are all verbs used to describe what something is

‘made of’.

Biology consists of the following parts ...

Task 2. Listen, read and write down the text in the notebook.

Biology is the science of life. Its studies living organisms - plants, animals, bacteria, viruses, fungi. Biology studies the forms of living organisms, their structure, functions, origin, development and distribution on Earth.

It is a broad field including many branches and subdisciplines. Biology consists of the following parts: botany, zoology, genetics, microbiology, histology, molecular biology, biochemistry, anatomy, cytology, ecology, physiology. Below are the main branches of study included in this field.

Botany is the science of plant life.

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity of living organisms.

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Histology is the study of the anatomy of cells and tissue of plants and animals using microscopy.

Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.

Molecular biology is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of the proteins and nucleic acids.

Zoology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom.

Anatomy is the branch of biology that deals with the study of the structure of organisms ant their parts.

Cytology is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of the cell.

Ecology is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment.

Physiology is the branch of biology that deals with normal functions of living organisms and their part.

Each of the main branches of biology include a number of biological disciplines.

Task 3. Do the exercises.

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What does biology study?

2. What are the branches of biology?

3. What does microbiology study?

4. What does histology study?

5. What does cytology study?

Exercise 2.Complete the phrases. Write them down. Read them aloud.

1. Biology is the science ...

2. Anatomy is the branch ...

3. Biochemistry is the study...

4. Genetics is the study...

5. Ecology is the branch...

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with the missing words:

1. Cytology is a branch of biology that studies the … and … of the cell.

2. Genetics is the study of genes, genetic …, and …. of living organisms.

3. Histology is the study of the … of cells and … of plants and animals using microscopy.

Class 2. The concept of a cell.

Task 1. Listen, read and repeat words and phrases.

to form утворювати образовать to form ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ،ﺄﺸﻧ

round круглий,-а,-е круглый, -ая, -ое rond ﻤﺴﺗﺪﻴﺮ ،ﻱﺮﺌﺍﺪ

membrane мембрана,-и мембрана, -ы membrane ﻏﺸﺎﺀ

cytoplasm цитоплазма,-и цитоплазма, -ы cytoplasme ﺴﻳﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻢ

metabolism обмін речовин обмен веществ metabolisme ﺍﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻴﺾ

outside ззовні снаружи l’exterieur ﻤﻦﺍﻠﺧﺎﺮﺝ ،ﺎﺠﺭﺎﺧ

body тіло, -а тело, -а corp ﺟﺴﻢ

dimension, size розмір,-и размер, -ы taille ﺃﻗﻳﺴﺔ ،ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻗﻤ

oval овальний,-а овальный, -ая ovale ﺒﻴﺿﻮﻱ

nucleus ядро,-а ядро, -а noyau ﻧﻮﺍﺓ

originate, derive походити происходить dexendant de ﺍﻧﺤﺩﺮﻤﻦ

protective захисний защитный, -ая, -ое, -ые protecteur ﺪﻔﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻢﺎﺤ ،ﻖﺍﻮ

in, inside всередині внутри de l’interieur ﻤﻦﺍﻠﺩﺍﺧﻞ

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protoplast протопласт протопласт protoplast ﺍﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻳﻪ ﻤﺎ

cubic кубічний кубический,-ая, -ое,-ие cubique ﺗﮑﻌﻳﺒﻲ

cylindrical циліндричний цилиндрический, -ая,-ое, -ие

cylindrical ﺍﺴﻄﻮﺍﻧﻲ

mechanical механічний механический,

-ая,-ое, -ие

mecanique ﺁﻠﻲ ،ﻲﮑﻴﻧﺎﮑﻳﻤ nerve cell нервова клітина клетка нервная cellule nerveuse ﻋﺻﺒﻴﺔ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ plant cell рослинна клітина клетка растительная cellule des plantes ﻧﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ animal cell тваринна клітина клетка животная cellule animaluque ﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ stellar cells зірчаста клітина клетка звёздчатая cellula etoilees ﻧﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ

Pay attention!

Form:[noun] + [verb]

Cell forms tissue.

Form:[noun] is used to name a thing A cell is the smallest unit.

The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cell forms tissue, tissues form organs, organs form systems and systems form organisms. Tissue are made up of similar cells that carry out a common function. For example, muscle tissue is made up of many muscle cells groups.

Different cells within a single organism can come in a variety of sizes and shapes.

They may not be very big, but their shapes can be very different from each other. A smaller cell is more effective and transporting materials, including waste products, than a larger cell. Cells come in many different shapes. The cells can be round, oval, cubic,

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Cell shapes and sizes

The cell membrane is the protective barrier that surrounds the cell and prevents unwanted material from getting into it. The cell membrane has many functions, but one main function that it has is to transport materials (salts, electrolytes, glucose and other necessary molecules) into the cell to support necessary life functions. Cells have many structures inside of them called organelles. These organelles are like the organs in a human and they help the cell stay alive. Each organelle has it’s own specific function to help the cell survive. The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell directs the cell’s activities and stores DNA.

In eukaryotes the protoplasm surrounding the nucleus is known as the cytoplasm and that inside the nucleus as the nucleoplasm.

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Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:

1. What forms do cells have ? 2. What are the cell sizes?

3. What do you know about the main parts of cells?

4. What is the covering around a cell called?

5. What is inside the cell?

1. The cell is the basic ...

2. Different cells within a single organism ...

3. The cells can be: ...

4. The cell membrane is ...

5. The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell ...

Class 3. Laboratory work №1. The structure of the microscope. Rules of microscope use.

Class 4. Metabolism in an organism.

secretion секреція секреция secretion ﺇﻔﺮﺍﺯ

synthesis синтез синтез synthese ﺗﺭﮐﻴﺐ ،ﺀﺎﻧﺑ

connected пов’язаний связанный,-ая, -ое, - ые

dependant ﻤﺮﺒﻮﻄ

adapt oneself (to) пристосуватися приспособиться adapt ﻂﺎﺒﻖ ،ﻖ ﱠﻔﻮ ،ﻒ ﱠﻳﮐ constant/permanent постійний постоянный, -ая, -ое,

-ые

constant ﺪﺍﺌﻢ ،ﺖﺒﺎﺜ

assimilation асиміляція ассимиляция assimilation (ﻋﻧﺪﺍﻠﮑﺎﺌﻧﺎﺖﺍﻠﺤﻴﺔ)ﺜﻧﺎﺌﻲ ﺃﻴﺽ ،ﻞﻴﺛﻤﺘ

splitting розщеплення расщепление disintegration ﺇﻧﺷﻄﺎﺮ

secretion product продукти

виділення продукты выделения exocrine ﺘﺎﻢ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ،ﺯﺍﺮﻔﺇ

metabolism метаболізм

(обмін речовин) метаболизм (обмен веществ)

metabolisme ﺍﻠﻤﻮﺍﺪ ﺃﻴﺽ

opposite, contrary протилежний противоположный oppose,anti- ﻤﻀﺎﺩ،ﻤﻌﺎﮐﺲ inseparably linked

processes

нерозривно пов'язані процеси

неразрывно

связанные процессы ﻤﺮﺘﺒﻂﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﻴﺎﺖ

disintegration розпад распад disintegration ﺍﻧﺤﻼﻞ،ﺍﻧﺷﻂﺎﺮ

transfer перенос перенос transport,transfert ﻧﻗﻞ

enzyme фермент фермент, -ы ferment ﺍﻧﺯﻴﻢ

support підтримувати поддерживать conserver ﺃﺒﻘﻰ،ﺣﺎﻔﻆﻋﻠﻰ

secretion виділення выделение secretion ﺇﻔﺮﺍﺯ،ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ

absorption поглинання поглощение absorption ﺍﻣﺗﺼﺎﺺ

biosynthesis біосинтез биосинтез biosynthese ﺘﺧﻠﻳﻖﺤﻴﻮﻱ

dissimilation дисиміляція диссимиляция desassimilation

Pay attention!

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Metabolism, the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material.

The nutrients enter cell through the cell membrane and the products of secretory activity leave the protoplast. Nutrition is the key to metabolism. The pathways of metabolism rely upon nutrients that they breakdown in order to produce energy. This energy in turn is required by the body to synthesize new proteins, nucleic acids, etc.

Metabolism is the complex of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material. Metabolism in cells occurs with the participation of enzymes.

External conditions change the internal environment of the cell, but the cell can adapt to these conditions and maintain a constant composition. Metabolism is closely linked to nutrition and the availability of nutrients. Energy formation is one of the vital components of metabolism.

Assimilation is the complex of all biosynthetic reactions. It is the process through which an organism incorporates nutrients from outside its body to the more complex structures needed inside of it. All these reactions occur with the absorption of energy.

Energy is necessary for all processes of vital activity of the cell and organism.

Dissimilation is the complex of all splitting reactions that occur in a living cell. It is the process of disintegration of organic compounds (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, etc.) on simple substances. All these reactions occur with the release of energy.

1. What is metabolism?

2. What enters through the cytoplasmic membrane into the cell?

3. What are the opposite processes of metabolism?

4. What process occurs during dissimilation?

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5. What is dissimilation?

1. Assimilation is ...

2. All the reactions of dissimilation occur ...

3. Metabolism is ...

4. Metabolism is closely linked to ...

5. Energy is necessary for ...

Class 5. Assimilation types.

autotrophic organism автотрофний організм автотрофный организм

autotrophe ﺍﻠﺗﻐﺬﻴﺔ ﮐﺎﺌﻦﺫﺍﺘﻲ heterotrophic organism гетеротрофний

організм гетеротрофный

организм

heterotrophe ﮐﺎﺋﻥﻋﺿﻭﻱﺍﻟﺘﻐﺫﻳﺔ photosynthesis фoтосинтезуючий фотосинтезирующий photosynthese ﺿﻮﺋﻲ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ

chemosynthesis хемосинтезуючий хемосинтезирующий ﮐﻳﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﺘﺨﻠﻳﺹ

synthesize синтезувати синтезировать synthetiser ﺭﮐﺏ،ﺠﱠﻣﻊ

dead мертвий,-а, -е, -і мёртвый,

-ая, -ое, -ые

mort ﻣﱠﻴﺕ

pathogenic патогенний, -а, -е, -і патогенный, -ая, -ое, -ые

pathogene ﻣﻣﺭﺽ

toxic токсин токсин toxique (ﺳﻢ) ﺘﮑﺳﻳﻦ

violate, break порушувати нарушать/нарушить troubler ﺨﺭﻕ ،ﻒﻼﺨ ،ﻞﺨﺍ

parasite паразит паразит parasite ﻣﺗﻂﻔﻞ

saprophyte сапрофіт сапрофит saprophyte ﻋﻔﻦ ،ﻢﺎﻣﱠﺭ

undigested food fragments

неперетравлені

рештки їжі непереваренные остатки пищи

ﻤﻬﻀﻮﻢ ﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎﺍﻠﻐﻨﺍﺀ

Pay attention!

lives on sth

to have (a particular food) as the only or main food that one ea ts A saprophyte is an organism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.

at the expense of sth

in a way that harms (something or someone) A parasite lives at the expense of the host..

Organisms are divided into autotrophs and heterotrophs according to their energy pathways.

Autotrophs are those organisms that are able to make energy-containing organic molecules from inorganic raw material (water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts) by using basic energy sources such as sunlight. Plants are the prime example of autotrophs, using photosynthesis. Autotrophic organisms are divided into two groups:

1. Photosynthetic – convert solar energy into the chemical energy of a carbohydrate (all green plants).

2. Chemosynthetic – organisms whose primary source of energy comes from the chemical reactions of inorganic molecules (some bacteria).

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All other organisms must make use of food that comes from other organisms in the form of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. These organisms which feed on others are called heterotrophs.

Heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food, relying instead on the intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter.

According to the types of food heterotrophic organisms are divided into two groups: saprophytes and parasites.

A saprophyte or saprotroph is an organism which gets its energy from dead and decaying organic matter. Fungi, bread mould, some protists and many bacteria are saprophytic in nutrition.

A parasite is an organism that lives in another organism, called the host, and often harms it. A parasite depends on its host for survival. The host is another organism.The parasite uses the host's resources to fuel its life cycle. It uses the host's resources to maintain itself. Parasites are not a disease, but they can spread diseases. Different parasites have different effects. Many types of parasites can affect humans. There are three main types of parasites.

Protozoa: Examples include the single-celled organism known as Plasmodium. A protozoa can only multiply, or divide, within the host.

Helminths: These are worm parasites. Examples include roundworm, pinworm, trichina spiralis, tapeworm, and fluke.

Ectoparasites: These live on, rather than in their hosts. They include lice and fleas.

1. What is necessary for autotrophic organisms to sustain life?

2. What is the difference between photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms?

3. What are the different types of food?

4. Give an example of saprophytic organism.

5. Give an example of parasite.

6. What are the types of parasites?

1. Organisms are divided into autotrophs and heterotrophs according ... . 2. Plants are the prime example of ...

3. According to the types of food heterotrophic organisms are .... .

4. ... an organism that lives in another organism, called the host, and often … it.

Exercise 3.Find unfamiliar words in the text, determine their meaning in the dictionary and write down the words and translation into the notebook.

Class 6. Reproduction of organisms.

reproduction розмноження размножение reproduction ﺗﮑﺎﺛﺭ

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sexual reproduction статеве

розмноження половое размножение reproduction sexuelle

ﺟﻧﺴﻲ ﺗﮑﺎﺛﺭ asexual reproduсtion нестатеве

розмноження бесполое размножение

reproduction asexuelle

ﺟﻧﺴﻲ ﺗﮑﺎﺛﺭﻻ vegetative reproduction вегетативне

розмноження

вегетативное размножение

reproduction vegetale

ﺧﻀﺮﻱ ﺗﮑﺎﺛﺭ any,everybody будь-який, -а, -е, -і всякий, -ая, -ое, -ие сhacun, toun ﺃﻱ ،ﺪﺣﺍﻮ ﮐﻞ ،ﻞﮐ reproduction, replication відтворення воспроизведение reproduction ﺍﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ،ﻉﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍ provide, ensure забезпечити обеспечить garantier,

assurer

ﺃﱠﻣﻦ ،ﺭﻔﱠﻮ ،ﻦﻣﻀ

continuity незперевність непрерывность continuite ﺍﺴﺗﻤﺮﺍﺭﻴﺔ

specialized спеціалізований специализированный specialiser ﺨﺻﻮﺻﻲ ،ﺺﺎﺧ somatic cell соматичні клітини соматические клетки cellule

somatique

ﺟﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ

sex cells статеві клітини половые клетки cellule ﺗﻧﺎﺴﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ

maternal cell материнська клітина

материнская клетка cellule mere ﺃﻢ ﺨﻟﻳﺔ

spore спора спора, -ы spore ﺒﻮﻍ

zoospore зооспора зооспора, -ы ﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﻍ

budding брунькування почкование gemmiparite ﺗﺒﺭﻋﻢ

knoll бугорок бугорок, -и ﻧﺗﻮﺀ ،ﺔﺒﺪﺤ

bud брунька почка, -и bouton gemme ﺒﺭﻋﻢ

fertilization запліднення оплодотворение fecondation ﻠﻘﺎﺡ

parthenogenesis партеногенез партеногенез parthenogenese ﻠﻘﺎﺡ ﺒﺪﻮﻦ ﺘﮑﺎﺜﺮ

egg cell яйцеклітина яйцеклетка, -и ovule ﺨﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺘﻧﺎﺴﻞﺍﻷﻧﺜﻮﻱ ،ﺔﻀﻴﺑ

spermatozoa сперматозоїд сперматозоид, -ы spermatozoide ﻣﻧﻮﻱ ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ

testicule сім’яник семенник, -и testicule ﺍﻠﺫﮐﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻠﺘﻧﺎﺴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺪ

ovary яєчник яичник, -и Ovarie ﻣﺒﻴﺽ

root корінь корень racine ﺟﺫﺮ

leaf/leaves лист/листя лист/листья feuille ﻮﺭﻗﺔ

bulb цибулина луковица ﺑﺼﻴﻟﺔ ،ﺔﻟﺼﺒ

Pay attention!

Subject + Can + verb

Ability: power or capacity to do or act

Reproduction is the ability to produce new individuals of ones own kind.

Based on

something is based on something else Sexual reproduction is based on meiosis

Task 2.Listen, read and write down the text in the notebook.

Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms or

“offspring" are produced from their "parents". Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life. Each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction.

There are two forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual.

Asexual reproduction is any method of producing new individuals that does not involve the fusion of gametes or nuclei of two cells and does not involve meiosis. So, at an asexual reproduction a new organism is formed with the help of somatic cells.

In asexual reproduction, an organism can reproduce without the involvement of another organism. By asexual reproduction, an organism creates a genetically similar or identical copy of itself.

Types of asexual reproduction.

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1. Binary fission. It is type of asexual reproduction in which parent organism simply divides into two daughter organisms. For example, Amoeba or Infuzoria simply divides through mitotic process to give rise to two new individuals, which grow and then redivide.

2. Sporulation, reproduction through spores. The process of formation of spores in biological systems is referred to as sporulation. Sporulation is the process of producing spores. Zoospore- an asexual spore produced by certain algae and some fungi, capable of moving about by means of flagella. Fungi, certain plants and bacteria also undergo sporulation, though the process usually refers to the process of bacteria forming spores.

3. Budding. Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which new organism is produced as an outgrowth, called bud, on the body of new parent the bud separates and gives rise to a new individual. For example, Hydra, yeasts.

4. Vegetative reproduction: new organism is formed by bunches of cells or multicellular germs, sometimes field of a body of the parent. It is form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant or grows from a specialized reproductive structure (such as a stolon, bulb, ect.)

Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two gametes (sperm and egg) fuse together. Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of normal cells.

They are created by a specialized type of cell division, which only occurs in eukaryotic cells, known as meiosis. This produces offspring organisms whose genetic characteristics are derived from those of the two parental organisms.

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Parthenogenesis is a special form of reproduction. There is a development of an organism from unfertilized ovum. It is observed, for example, in bees, ants, in which females are developed from fertilized eggs and males are developed from unfertilized ovum.

Exercise 1. Make a text plan.

Exercise 2. Find unfamiliar words in the text and write them down.

1. What is reproduction?

2. What types of reproduction do you know?

3. What types of asexual reproduction do you know?

4. What is sexual reproduction?

5. What is parthenogenesis and how does it differ from sexual reproduction?

Class 7. System of the organic world.

various, diverse різноманітний разнообразный different,varie ﻤﺧﺘﻠﻒ

multiformity, variation різноманітність многообразие diversite, variete ﮐﺛﻴﺭ، ﻣﺘﻌﺩﺩ

fix,determine встановлювати устанавливать etablir,au pont ﻮﻀﻊ، ﺃﻧﺷﺄ

classification класифікація классификация, -ии classification ﺘﺼﻧﻴﻒ

group of classification, taxon таксон таксон, -ы gruppe classifie ﻣﺠﻣﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻠﺘﺻﻧﻴﻒ аvailability, presence наявність наличие, -ия presence, existence ﺍﻔﺮﻮﺠﻭﺩ، ﺘﻭ

absence відсутність отсутствие, -ия absence ﻋﺩﻡ ﻮﺠﻮﺪ

prokaryote прокаріот прокариот, -ы procaryotes ﺨﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻮﻦ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ

eukaryote еукаріот эукариот, -ы eucaryotes ﺧﻟﻳﺔ ﺑﻧﻭﺍﺓ

embryonic ембріональний эмбриональный,

-ая, -ое, -ые

embryonalique ﺠﻳﻧﻲ

chromosome хромосома хромосома, -ы chromosome ﮐﺭﻮﻤﻮﺴﻮﻢ

nomenclature номенклатура номенклатура, -ы nomenclature ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻠﻤﺴﻣﻳﺎﺖ

Pay attention!

Verb:[with object]

To classify

Arrange (a group of things) in classes or categories according to shared qualities or characteristics.

All living organisms are classified into groups based on very basic, shared characteristics.

Consist, comprise and compose are all verbs used to describe what something is ‘made of’.

Plant Kingdom is the taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct plants.

noun, plural: taxa; singular: taxon.

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Any group or rank in a biological classification into which related organisms are classified.

All living organisms are very diverse and numerous. Currently, more than 1.5 million species of animals and 500 thousand species of plants are known.

Systematic is the science of naming and classifying organisms in regard to their natural relationships, deals with population, species and higher taxa. It is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Classification, as a section of taxonomy, is a system of categorizing living things. There are seven divisions in the system: Kingdom; Phylum or Division (in Botany); Class; Order; Family; Genus; Species. The lowest division is species. Species are identified by two names (binomial nomenclature). The first name is the genus (plural, genera), the second is the species, which is unique for each species within the genus. Living organisms are classified according to the complexity of the organization (extracellular, cellular, multicellular), by the presence or absence of the nucleus (prokaryotes, eukaryotes), by method of nutrition and number of chromosomes.

These characters are distinguished by such taxa:

Three domains (or Empires) (Eukaryotes, Bacteria, Archaea)

Kingdoms

(Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and Monera) Phylum

Class Order Family

Genus Species

The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the father of taxonomy, as he developed a system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorization of organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms. The Linnaean system has progressed to a system of modern biological classification based on the evolutionary relationships between organisms, both living and extinct.

For example: All people who inhabit the Earth now belong to the species Homo sapiens or "wise man" (Homo - the name of the Genus-people, sapiens – a wise, Species name). Homo sapiens is the systematic name used in taxonomy for the only extant human species.

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Exercise 1. Set five questions and write them down.

Exercise 2. Complete the phrases. Write them down.

1. … is the study of the diversification of living forms.

2. The first name is the …, the second is the ... . 3. Species are identified by … (...).

4. The lowest division is ... .

5. …, as a section of taxonomy, is a system of categorizing living things.

6. There are … divisions in the system.

1. What does systematic study?

2. What does classification study?

3. How many domains do you know?

4. How many kingdoms do you know?

5. What is the smallest unit of classification?

6. Which principle is used to denote species?

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Class 8. Bacteria, their structure, vital activity, roles in nature and medicine.

flagella джгутик жгутик, -и flagellum ﻫﺪﺏ، ﺃﻫﺩﺍﺏ

mucous capsule слизова капсула слизистая капсула ﻣﺨﺎﻂﻳﺔ

twisted звивистий извитой ﻣﻠﺘﻮﻱ

nucleoid нуклеотид нуклеоид nucleide ﺍﻟﻮﺴﻁ ﺍﻠﻤﺤﻳﻂ ﺑﺎﻠﻧﻮﺍﺓ

colourless безбарвний бесцветный incolore ﻋﺩﻳﻢ ﺍﻠﻠﻭﻦ

fermentation ферментація ферментация fermentation ﺍﺧﺗﻤﺎﺭ ﺗﺨﻣﺭ

diphtheria дифтерія дифтерия ﻤﺭﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻔﺘﻴﺮﻴﺎ

tetanus правець столбняк tetanos ﺍﻠﮐﺯﺍﺯ

cholera холера холера cholera ﺍﻠﮐﻮﻠﻴﺭﺍ

dysentery дизентерія дизентерия dysenterie ﺍﻟﺯﺤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻮﺯﻴﻧﻂﺎﺭﻴﺎ

plague чума чума peste ﺍﻠﻁﺎﻋﻮﻦ

botulism ботулізм ботулизм toxication ﺘﺳﻤﻢ ﻮﺷﻴﻘﻲ ﻮﺷﻴﻘﻳﺔ

coccus кок кокк, -и microcoques ﺑﮑﺘﻴﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﮑﻮﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﮑﻞ

bacillus бицила бацилла, -ы bacille ﻋﺼﻴﺔ، ﻗﺼﻳﻤﺔ

vibrio вібріон вибрион, -ы vibrion ﺟﺭﺜﻭﻣﺔ ﻮﺍﻭﻴﺔ

spirillum спіріла спирилла, -ы spirille ﺒﮑﺘﻴﺭﻳﺎ ﺤﻠﺯﺮﻮﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻠﺷﮑﻝ

spirochete спірохета спирохета, -ы spirochete ﺒﮑﺘﻴﺭﻳﺎ ﻠﻮﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻠﺷﮑﻝ

coloured забарвлений окрашенный,

-ая, -ое, -ые

coloree ﻤﻠﻮﻥ

parasitize паразитувати паразитировать contaminant ﻴﻌﺪﻱ

favorable conditions сприятливі

умови благоприятные

условия

conditivus favorebles

ﺷﺭﻮﻃ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ

constrict/compress стискати сжимать serrer ﺿﻐﻃ، ﻋﺼﺭ

resting state стан спокою состояние покоя situation de stabilite

ﺣﺎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﮑﻮﻦ to play an important role відігравати

важливу роль играть важную роль ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﺪﻭﺭ ﻤﻬﻢ

lactic acid молочнокислий молочнокислый, -ая, -ое, -ые

ferments lactiques

ﺑﮑﺘﻳﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺧﻤﺭ ﺍﻠﻠﺑﻦ pathogenic патогенний патогенный, -ая, -ое,

-ые

pathogene (ﻣﻣﺭﺿﺔ) ﻣﺳﺑﺐ ﺍﻻﻤﺮﺍﺾ

aerobe аероб аэроб, -ы aerobies ﺒﮑﺘﻳﺭﻴﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﺌﻴﺔ

anaerobe анаероб анаэроб, -ы anaerobies ﺒﮑﺘﻳﺭﻴﺎ ﻻﻫﻮﺍﺌﻴﺔ

lose втрачати терять perdre ﻳﻔﻘﺪ

corpse труп труп, -ы cadavre ﺠﺛﺔ

toxin токсин токсин, -ы toxine (ﻢﺳ) ﻦﻳﺳﮑﺘ

Pay attention!

Cause smt

cause is used in the active form to relate an effect, focuses on the source Bacteria that cause disease are called pathogenic bacteria.

Verb: Cover (place over)

to put something over smt, or to lie on the surface of smt:

Bacterial cells are covered by a cell envelope.

Bacteria are a large group of unicellular organisms. They usually have sizes from 0.2 to 10 μm, but sometimes reach a length of 30-100 μm. Bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular microorganisms, which lack chlorophyll pigments. The cell structure is simpler than that of other organisms as there is no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Due to the presence of a rigid cell wall, bacteria maintain a definite shape, though they vary as shape, size and structure. Most bacteria appear in variations of major shapes: the rod (bacillus), the sphere (coccus) and the spiral type (vibrio).

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Some types of bacteria have flagellum (from 1 to 50) serving as an organ of locomotion.

Bacterial cells are covered by a cell envelope that is composed of a cell membrane.

The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that regulates the transport of molecules into and out of the cell. The cytoplasm, or protoplasm, of bacterial cells is where the functions for cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out. It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids. The nuclear substance (DNA) in bacteria is in the special nuclear zone of the cell, which is called nucleoid. A nuclear membrane does not form around the nucleoid. All bacteria do not have a nucleolus.

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Most bacteria are colorless, but there are also colored - red and green bacteria.

Bacteria capable of photosynthesis are autotrophs because they can make their own food. Most bacteria are heterotrophs; they have to get organic material from the environment to grow. According to the mode of respiration, bacteria can be aerobic (aerobic means “with air”) or anaerobic. Anaerobic respiration takes place in the absence of free oxygen.

Usually, bacteria reproduce asexually by dividing the mother cell into two daughter cells. The division takes place very quickly. Under favorable conditions, some bacteria are divided every 20-30 minutes. Under adverse conditions, many bacteria lose water and pass into a state of rest. Some types of bacteria under adverse conditions form spores.

In the life of animals, plants and humans, bacteria play an important role.

Putrefying bacteria decompose animal dead bodies and plant remains and thus participate in the circulation of substances in nature. But putrefying bacteria cause decay of food products: meat, fish, butter, eggs.

Lactic acid bacteria cause fermentation of milk.

Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia (NH3), nitrogenous (HNO2) and nitric (HNO₃) acids into nitrates that are absorbed by plants. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria assimilate nitrogen from the atmosphere.

Some pathogenic bacteria destroy host cells, but most cause disease, producing toxins that harm the host. Bacteria that cause diphtheria, tetanus, cholera, dysentery, plague and botulism, release toxins that spread in the body. But more often the toxins remain in the outer wall of the bacterial cell, cause a rise in temperature and damage the circulatory system of the host.

Exercise 2. Find unfamiliar words in the text and write them down.

1. What structure does the bacterial cell have?

2. What are the major features of the bacteria?

3. What are autotrophic bacteria?

4. What is the importance of bacteria?

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences.

1. Nucleoid is ...

2. Bacteria reproduce ... . 3. Anaerobic respiration ... .

4. According to the mode of respiration, bacteria ... . 5. Lactic acid bacteria cause … of milk.

Exercise 5. Draw the picture of the bacterial cell.

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Class 9. Viruses, their structure and importance.

parasite паразит паразит, -ы parasite ﻤﻌﺪﻱ

parasitize паразитувати паразитировать se parasiter ﻳﻌﺩﻱ

fibre, filament волокно волокно, -а fibre,filament ﻟﻳﻔﺔ، ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻒ

immunity імунітет иммунитет immunite ﺍﻠﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ

penetrate проникати проникать penetrer ﻳﺗﻐﻟﻐﻞ

dissolve розчинити растворить dissoudre ﻳﺘﺤﻟﻞ

infectious інфекційний инфекционный, -ая, -ое, -ые infectieux ﻣﻌﺩﻱ

virus infection вірусна інфекція вирусная инфекция infection dux virus ﻋﺩﻮﻯ ﻔﻴﺮﻮﺴﻳﺔ produce виробляти вырабатывать/выработать elaborer, former ﻧﺘﺞﻴﻔﺮﺯ ﻳ unsusceptible несприйнятливий невосприимчивый, -ая, -ое, -ые inoensible ﻋﺩﻴﻢ ﺍﻠﺤﺴﻳﺔ

repeated повторний повторный, -ая, -ое, -ые reiteratif ﻤﺗﮑﺮﺭ

bacterial environment

бактеріальне середовище

бактериальная среда milieu bacterien ﻮﺴﻂ ﺒﮑﺘﻳﺭﻱ

outgrowth відросток отросток, -и pousse,rejeton ﻧﺘﻮﺀ ، ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ

pathogen збудник возбудитель, -и agent morbifique ﻧﺎﻘﻞ ﺍﻠﻌﺪﻮﻯ

bacteriophage бактеріофаг бактериофаг, -и bacteriophage ﻣﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺜﻴﻢ

،ﺎﻴﺭﻳﺘﮑﺑﻟﺍ ﻢﻘﻻ

filament/fiber нитка нить, -и fil,corde ﺤﺑﻞ

content вміст содержимое contenu ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ

stick-shaped палочкоподібний палочковидный, -ая, -ое, -ые ﻋﺼﻮﻱ ﺍﻠﺸﮑﻝ

rounded шароподібний шаровидный, -ая, -ое, -ые ﮐﺮﻮﻱ ﺍﻠﺸﮑﻝ

hydrophobia сказ бешенство rage ﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻠﮑﻠﺏ

smallpox віспа оспа variole ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺮﻱ

influenza грип грипп grippe ﺍﻹﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺯﺍ

measles кір корь rougeole ﺍﻠﺤﺼﺑﺔ

polio/poliomyelitis поліомієліт полиомиелит poliomyelite ﺸﻟﻞﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ

Pay attention!

Verb: [with object]

to protect

The immune system protects organisms from infection.

Verb: to develop (grow) to (cause something to) grow

After infection, the host first develops an immune response.

A virus is a small microorganism (less than 200 nm) that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria.

Structure of a virus

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Viruses are non-cellular organisms, which made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells. They can’t survive or reproduce on their own, and are not made of cells.

Noncellular forms were discovered in 1892 by the Russian botanist D.I.

Ivanovsky. Bacteriophages was discovered by Felix d’Hérelle (1917). D’Hérelle coined the term bacteriophage, meaning “bacteria eater,” to describe the agent’s bacteriocidal ability. Outside a living cell, viruses can not reproduce.

There are plant viruses and animal viruses. Most viruses consist of nucleic acids and protein. Only some animal viruses contain more fats and carbohydrates.

Viruses are divided into two large groups: DNA-containing (smallpox viruses) and RNA-containing (influenza, measles, rabies viruses). The viruses are not the same shapes: there are rod-shaped or spherical. Viruses consist of two or three parts: a helical molecule, protein coat and sometimes a viral wrapper. A virus particle is called a virion.

Outside, the virion is covered with a capsid - a protein coat. Viruses penetrate into living cells, where they reproduce in an unusual way. After reproduction, they enter the nuclei of host cells and build the nucleic acids of the virus, resulting in the formation of new virus particles in the cells.

Viruses are the causative agents of many infectious diseases of plants, animals and humans. In animals and humans in response to a viral infection the body develops immunity. Immunity is the quality or state of being immune. A condition of being able to resist a particular disease especially through preventing development of a pathogenic microorganism or by counteracting the effects of its products .

There are many human viral diseases: smallpox, rabies, flu, poliomyelitis. Viral diseases of plants are tobacco mosaic, cucumber mosaic. There are special viruses that live and parasitize on bacteria. Such viruses are called bacteriophages.

Bacteriophages or phages are the most abundant organisms in the biosphere.

Bacteriophages are widely distributed in locations populated by bacterial hosts, such as soil or the intestines of animals.

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Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses that invade bacterial cells and, disrupt bacterial metabolism and cause the bacterium to lyse: the bacterial membranes dissolve and the bacteria die. In humans, after the disease, the number of bacteriophages increases.

Exercise 2. Draw the picture of bacteriophages Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:

1. When and by whom were the virus discovered?

2. What infectious diseases are caused by viruses?

3. How do viruses reproduce?

4. What are viruses measure in?

5. Why are viruses considered non-living?

Class 10. Plants. Structure and vital function. Plants importance in nature and human life.

habitation існування обитание milicu devie ﺇﻘﺎﻣﺔ، ﺘﺎﻫﻴﻞ، ﻣﻌﻳﺸﺔ

consistent pattern закономірність закономерность, -и regularite ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ، ﺤﮑﻢ evolutionary еволюційний эволюционный, -ая, -ое, -ые developpant ﺘﻂﻮﺮﻱ

principle переважно преимущественно principalement ﺑﺗﻔﻮﻖ

dense щільний плотный, -ая, -ое, -ые compact ﮐﺜﻳﻒ

provide забезпечити обеспечить /обеспечивать reserver ﻮﻔﺭ، ﺿﻣﻥ، ﺃﻣﻦ osmotic осмотичний осмотический, -ая, -ое, -ие osmotique ﺍﻮﺴﻣﻮﺴﻲ، ﺘﻧﺎﺿﺤﻲ

store up запасатися запасаться conserver, reserver ﻴﺣﺘﺎﻂ

starch крохмаль крахмал amidon ﻧﺸﺎ

move рухатися двигаться se replacer ﻳﺘﺣﺭﻚ

source джерело источник, -и source ﻣﺻﺪﺮ، ﻣﻧﺒﻊ

raw material сировина сырьё matieres ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺨﺎﻢ

industry промисловість промышленность industrie ﺼﻧﺎﻋﺔ

medicament/drug ліки лекарство, -а medicament ﺩﻮﺍﺀ

paint,dye барвник краситель, -и colorant ﺧﻀﺎﺏ، ﺼﺑﻐﺔ

intensity інтенсивність интенсивность intensite ﺸﺪﺓ، ﺤﺪﺓ، ﺘﺭﮐﻴﺯ

root корінь/коріння корень /корни racine ﺠﺬﺮ

stem, stalk стебло/стебла стебель /стебли tige,tronc ﺴﺎﻕ، ﻋﻮﺩ، ﺟﺬﻉ

leaf, foliage листя лист /листья feuille ﻮﺭﻗﺔ

Pay attention!

Verb: [with object]

Provide smt to/for smt: to deliver or to give Large vacuole provides support.

Store: keep or accumulate smt for future use.

Carbohydrates are typically stored as long polymers of glucose molecules.

Botany is the branch of science dedicated to the study of plants. It is a branch of biology that deals with the study of plants, including their structure, properties, and biochemical processes.

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The Kingdom of the plant unites about 500 thousand species of diverse plant organisms, which have some common features.

1. Plants are basically autotrophic organisms.

2. Plant cells have a dense cellulose membrane.

3. In plant cells, the vacuole system is well developed, which provides the osmotic properties of cells.

4. Plant cells contain special organelles - plastids.

5. Carbohydrates in plants are stored in the form of starch.

6. Plants can not actively move.

According to the level of organization all plants are divided into two large groups:

Higher plants (Cormophyta) and Lower plants (Thallophyta). The plant body in higher plants consists of such organs: root and sprout. Sprout consists of one or more stems that carry leaves^.

Plants are the only organisms that can convert light energy from the sun into food.

Plants produce all of the food that animals, including people, eat. All of the oxygen available for living organisms comes from plants.

Many plants are important sources of products that people use, including food, fibers (for cloth), and medicines. Plants also help provide some of our energy needs. In some parts of the world, wood is the primary fuel used by people to cook their meals and heat their homes. Many of the other types of fuel we use today, such as coal, natural gas, and gasoline, were made from plants that lived millions of years ago.

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:

1. What does botany study?

2. What are the characteristic features of plants?

3. What is the feature of plant nutrition?

4. What are the roles of plants in the nature?

5. What is the importance of plants in human life?

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Exercise 2. Complete the sentences.

1. Plant cells contain special organelles ...

2. In plant cells, the … … is well developed, which provides the osmotic properties of cells.

3. Carbohydrates in plants are stored in the form of ... .

4. The plant body in higher plants consists of such organs: ... and … . Exercise 3. Make a text plan.

Class 11. Animals. General and various structures of plants and animals. The importance of animals in nature and human life. Classification of animals. The concept of parasitology.

Task 1. Listen, read and repeat words and phrases.

vital activity життєдіяльність жизнедеятельность vitalite ﺣﻴﻮﻴﺔ، ﻧﺷﺎﻃ individual

development

індивідуальний розвиток индивидуальное развитие

development individuel ﺘﻁﻭﺮ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ environment навколишнє середовище окружающая среда environnement ﺍﻟﻮﺴﻃ ﺍﻟﻣﺤﻴﻃ consistent pattern закономірність закономерность, -и regularite ﺸﺭﻋﻳﺔ، ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ parasitize паразитувати паразитировать se parasiter

origin походження происхождение origine ﺘﻧﺎﺴﻞ ﻤﻥ

morphology морфологія морфология morphologi ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﮑﻞ

excitability збудливість возбудимость excitabilite ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻳﺞ

principal/mainly переважно преимущественно prinsipalement ﺍﻠﻣﻣﻴﺯ

raw material сировина сырьё matieres ﻣﺎﺪﺓ ﺨﺎﻢ

insect комаха насекомое, -ые insecte ﺣﺸﺭﺍﺕ

pollinate/pollen запилювати опылять feconder, polliniser ﻴﻠﻘﺢ

filter, purify очищувати очищать nettoyer, purifier ﻳﺼﻔﻲ، ﻴﻧﻘﻲ

basin, reservoir водойма водоём, -ы bassin ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻠﻣﺎﺀ

destruction знешкодження уничтожение destruction ﻴﻘﺘﻞ

corpse труп труп, -ы cadavre ﺠﺜﺔ

flagella джгутик жгутик, -и flagelles ﻫﺩﺏ، ﺍﻫﺩﺍﺐ

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Verb: [differ]

to be not like something or someone else, either physically or in another way Animals differ from plants and fungi because their cells don't have cell walls.

Zoology or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, evolution, classification, habits and distribution of animals.

About 2 million species of animals are known. Animals differ in a way of life and structure. They have adapted to life on the surface of the Earth, in the soil, in air and water. Many species of animals parasitize in the body or on the organism of plants, animals and humans. The kingdom of animals includes more than 20 types, which combine into two subkingdoms: Unicellular and Multicellular.

Each of these subgroups are divided into phylum, classes, orders, families, genera and species. Because of the fact that animals and plants have a common origin, they have much in common in morphology and life.